How to setup NFS in RedHat and Solaris

NFS stands for Network File System, we can use it to share files between different computers.

In Redhat Linux, to share NFS, we need to configure /etc/exports, the format of exports is:

<directory to share>   <host>(<option>)

For example, if we want to share directory /data/forhost1 to host1, we can configure my /etc/exports like this:

/data/forhost1      host1

if we only want to grant read permission to /data/forhost1, we can add the ro option, ro stands for read-only

/data/forhost1     host1(ro)

Solaris uses a different configuration file /etc/dfs/dfstab for NFS.
If we want to share directory /data/forhost1 to host1, we can configure my /etc/dfs/dfstab like this:

share -F nfs -o ro=host1 -d "Readonly" /data/forhost1

For both RedHat Linux and Solaris, we need to restart the nfs service to make our configuration take effect, this can be done by using service or svcadm.

After we share /data/forhost1, we can mount it on host1:
if host1 is Redhat Linux

mount -t nfs server:/data/forhost1 /mnt/mynfs

if host1 is Solaris:

mount -F nfs server:/data/forhost1 /mnt/mynfs

To make the nfs mount permanent, we can configure /etc/fstab or /etc/vfstab to mount nfs on system start.

How to get hardware information in Linux

We often need to get the hardware information, In Redhat Linux, this can be easily done by using the dmidecode.
To get the bios information:

# dmidecode -t 0

In dmidecode, 0 is the type code for BIOS.

By using dmidecode, we can get many information about the system, for details, please refer to the man page

# man dmidecode

All the Linux systems I have been managed are Redhat running on Dell servers, so I am also using Dell OpenManage to get the system hardware information.
To get the bios information

$ omreport chassis bios

There are also many other options we can use in Dell OpenManage, for details, please refer to: http://support.dell.com/support/edocs/software/svradmin/5.1/en/omss_ug/html/cli.html#1220531

Please note that we can only run dmidecode as super user, whereas we can run omreport as normal user.

Linux: how to recover root password

In Linux, if you forget the root password, you can recover it in this way:

1. Reboot the machine, at grub menu, edit the boot entry for Linux
2. press 'e' to to edit the entry,
   append " single" at the end of the kernel line
   alternatively, you can also append " init=/bin/sh" at the end of the kernel line
3. press 'b' to boot Linux into single user mode
4. now you will be able to log in the system without entering password 
5. type 'passwd' to reset root password

Set up password-less SSH login using ssh-keygen and ssh-copy-id

Logging in remote systems without password is very useful in system administration. It can be used for executing command on remote systems, copying files to other systems using rsync/rdist.

For the past few years, I have been manually setting up the key trust between systems. Here are the steps I followed.

Suppose I need to login to localserver from remoteserver using account scripter without password.

1. generate public-private key pair on localserver

$ ssh-keygen -t dsa

    you can use either dsa or rsa.

2. copy scripter's public key to remoteserver

$ scp id_dsa.pub remoteserver:

3. on remoteserver, append the public key copied in step 2 to ~scripter/.ssh/authorized_keys

$ cat id_dsa.pub >> ~scripter/.ssh/authorized_keys

    if ~scripter/.ssh doesn't exist, manually create it

4. on localserver the directory and files are auto-generated, so the permissions are correct, on remoteserver, as we manually created the directories, we need to make the permissions are correct.

$ chmod 700 ~scripter/.ssh

$ chmod 600 ~scripter/.ssh/authorized_keys

After all these steps, we can login from localserver to remoteserver without entering password:

$ ssh remoteserver hostname

remoteserver

The steps are quite easy, but can it be easier?
Yes! recently I learned the script ssh-copy-id from a forum post, to set up key trust from localserver to remoteserver using ssh-keygen and ssh-copy-id
1. generate public-private key pair on localserver

$ ssh-keygen -t dsa

2. copy the public key from localserver to remoteserver, and set up the key trust

$ ssh-copy-id -i ~scripter/.ssh/id_dsa.pub \
scripter@remoteserver

After you entering the password, everything is set up for you, you can log in remotely without password

$ ssh remoteserver hostname

remoteserver

ssh-copy-id saves us all the troubles of creating files and setting up the proper permission :)

Use telnet to test SMTP server

Besides testing HTTP server, telnet can also be used to test SMTP server

below is the testing I did on my linux box

$ telnet localhost 25

220 redhat.localdomain ESMTP Postfix

ehlo abc.com

250-redhat.localdomain

250-PIPELINING

250-SIZE 10240000

250-VRFY

250-ETRN

250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES

250-8BITMIME

250 DSN

mail from: scripter@linux.com

250 2.1.0 OK

rcpt to: nonexsit

550 5.1.1 <nonexist>: Recipient address rejected: User unknown in local recipient table

rcpt to:tom

250 2.1.5 OK

data

354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>

Subject: hi this is subject

this is email body

more chars

.

250 2.0.0 OK: queued as 25AE12AD1

quit

221 2.0.0 Bye

in /var/spool/mail/tom will see the email we just sent

please note the lines starting with numbers are the output returned by SMTP server, the numbers are the status code, search "smtp status code" for more details.
"ehlo", "mail from:", "rcpt to:", "data", "quit" are the commands sent to SMTP server.

Use telnet to test HTTP server

A few year ago, I managed a few hundred of servers, they provide HTTP service using Apache.
I often need to test the HTTP service on these servers.

I used telnet for my testing

C:\>telnet www.redhat.com 80
GET /robots.txt HTTP/1.1
host: www.redhat.com

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Apache
X-Powered-By: Servlet 2.5; JBoss-5.0/JBossWeb-2.1
Last-Modified: Fri, 27 Jan 2012 23:35:31 GMT
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 484
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Cache-Control: no-cache
Date: Tue, 08 May 2012 12:20:11 GMT
Connection: keep-alive

User-agent: *

Disallow: /apps/download/results.html
Disallow: /apps/search/results.html
Disallow: /apps/user/
Disallow: /apps/user/*
Disallow: /WebX/*
Disallow: /webx/*
Disallow: /WebX/*
Disallow: /test_community/
Disallow: /test_community/*
Disallow: /network
Disallow: /archives/redhat-install-list/2000-September/msg00588.html
Disallow: /search
Disallow: /search*
Disallow: /mailman/listinfo/ceylon-core
Disallow: /mailman/private/ceylon-core/
Disallow: /mailman/admin/ceylon-core

Copy files from one server to another

In my work, I often need to copy files or whole directories between different servers. These are the ways I used often:

1. scp

scp -r directory remote:/path/to/directory

2. tar + ssh

tar -zcpf - directory | ssh remote tar -zxpf \
-C /path/to/directory

in Solaris, there is no -C -z flag, so I use:

tar -cpf - directory | ssh remote \
"(cd /path/to/directory; tar -xpf -)"

3. rsync over ssh
I have a central server, everyday there are some new files generated in one directory. I need to push this directory to remote servers everyday.
It's possible to schedule some cronjob to scp or tar + ssh this directory, But it will copy the whole directory everyday. To use rsync, we only need to copy the changes to this directory.

rync -e ssh -az --delete directory \
remote:/path/to/directory

4. nc + tar
A few years ago, I need to copy huge amount of data to a remote data center in another country, while exploring ways to copy the data, I found this utility nc.
But nc doesn't encrypt the data, I only tested it within the same data center.

on remote server:

cd /path/to/directory

nc -l -p 8888 | tar -zxvf -

on source server:

tar -czf - directory | nc remote 8888

on the remote server, I used -v flag, so I could monitor the copying progress.